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In Australia, cotton and carnations are the only two genetically modified (GM) commodities available commercially. The cotton has been modified to be insect resistant and herbicide tolerant (or a combination of both), whilst the carnations have been modified to express mauve to deep purple colouring. Two GM herbicide tolerant canola varieties have been approved for commercial release by the Federal regulator, but they are not currently being grown because of bans imposed at the state government level.
In 2006, the global area of commercial GM crops was 102 million hectares. This represents a 60-fold increase in the area devoted to such crops since their introduction in 1996. The main GM crops grown were soybean, corn, cotton and canola. Small areas of papaya, and rice were also produced. Potato and sugarbeet varieties have been approved commercially but are not currently grown. Globally, the USA dominates GM crop production, ahead of Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China and South Africa. Five European countries also grew GM crops in 2006. Further information sources on each of the topics listed below can be found by clicking on the relevant heading.
Further information sources on each of the topics listed below can be found by clicking on the relevant heading.
Animal Biotechnology
Exploring the Regulatory and Commercialisation Issues Related to Genetically Engineered Animals
2005 - Source: Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology
The ethics of research involving animals
2005 - Source - Nuffield Council on Bioethics
Gene technology and animal production
2004 Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
Animal Biotechnology
2003 - Source: The (International) Federation of Animal Science Societies (FASS)
Review on the Current Status of the Extent and Use of Cloning in Animal Production in Australia and New Zealand
2003 - Source: Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ)
Global Progress Toward Transgenic Food Animals: A Survey Of Publicly Available Information
2003 - Source: Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ)
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Animal Feed
Safety of Meat, Milk, and Eggs from Animals Fed Crops Derived from Modern Biotechnology (PDF)
2006 - Source: The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST)
Safety of Meat, Milk, and Eggs from Animals Fed Crops Derived from Modern Biotechnology (web page)
2006 - Source: The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST)
Biotech Bulletin 11: GM animal feed
2004 - Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
Gene technology and animal feed - Paper No 5
2004 - Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
GM Inputs to Feedlot Beef - A Scoping Study
2003 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Bureau of Rural Sciences.
Who's afraid of GM feeds?
2001 - Source: AGBIOS
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Australia's State Governments
ACT Gene Technology (GM Crop Moratorium) Act 2004
2004 Source: ACT Government
New South Wales Gene Technology (GM Crop Moratorium) Amendment Bill 2004
2004 - Source: NSW Government
South Australian Genetically Modified Crops Management Act 2004
2004 Source: SA Government
Tasmania's Gene Technology Policy Review
2003 - Source: TAS Department of Primary Industries, Water, and Environment
Victoria - No Commercial GM Canola This Year - Media Release
2003 - Source: VIC Department of Primary Industries
West Australian Genetically Modified Crops Free Areas Act 2003
2003 Source: WA Government
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Canola - In Australia
AFAA South Australian GM Crops Management Act consultation
2008 - Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
AFAA submission to New South Wales Review Panel
2007 - Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
AFAA submission to Victorian Review Panel
2007 - Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
AFAA submission to South Australian Review Panel
2007 - Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
GM Canola: A Resource Guide for Farmers
2004 - Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
GM Canola Licence Application Information - Bayer
2003 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator
GM Canola Commercial Licence Application - Monsanto
2003 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator
Product Information - Bayer InVigor Hybrid Canola
2002 - Source: Bayer CropScience
Canola Industry Stewardship Principles: For coexistence of production systems and supply chains
2003 - Source: Gene Technology Grains Committee (GTGC)
Gene flow study: Implications for the release of GM crops in Australia
2002 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Bureau of Rural Sciences.
The biology and ecology of canola (Brassica napus)
2002 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator
Delivering market choice with GM canola
2007 Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
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Canola - Overseas
Herbicide Tolerant Volunteer Canola Management in Subsequent Crops
2005 - Source: Canola Council of Canada
An Agronomic and Economic Assessment of GMO Canola
2000 - Source: Canola Council of Canada
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Carnations
GM Carnations: A Resource Guide
2004 - Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
GM Carnation Licence Application Information
2003 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator
Florigene Flowers
2003 - Source: Florigene Ltd
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Coexistence - Australia Biotech Bulletin 18: Coexistence progress: Here and abroad
2006 Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
Towards Coexistence: Management practices for agricultural production systems
2006 Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
Biotech Bulletin 10: Coexistence
2004 Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
Canola Industry Stewardship Principles: For coexistence of production systems and supply chains
2003 - Source: Gene Technology Grains Committee (GTGC)
A Strategic Framework for Maintaining Coexistence of Supply Chains
2002 - Source: Gene Technology Grains Committee (GTGC)
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Coexistence - Overseas
Biotech Bulletin 18: Coexistence progress: Here and abroad
2006 Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
GM crop coexistence 10 key principles
2006 Source: Supply Chain Initiative on Modified Agricultural Crops (SCIMAC)
Marketing Mechanisms to Facilitate Co-existence of GM and Non-GM Crops
2006 - Source: North Dakota State University
Report on the implementation of national measures on the coexistence of genetically modified crops with conventional and organic farming
2006 Source: European Commission
Coexistence of GM and non-GM Crops in Ireland
2005 - Source - Irelands Department of Agriculture and Food
Cultivating coexistence: A best management practices guide
2005 Source: CropLife Canada
Coexistence of Genetically Modified, Conventional and Organic Crop Production: Position Paper
2004 - Source: International Seed Federation
Genetically modified maize pollen movement and crop coexistence
2004 Source: PG Economics
Coexistence of GM and non-GM crops: current experience and key principles
2004 Source: PG Economics
Coexistence of GM and non-GM crops: key principles for best management practices
2004 Source: PG Economics
Coexistence in North American agriculture: can GM crops be grown with conventional and organic crops?
2004 Source: PG Economics
GM and non-GM arable crops can coexist in the EU without problems
2004 Source: PG Economics
Coexistence of GM and non-GM crops: case study of maize grown in Spain
2003 Source: PG Economics
Coexistence of GM and non-GM crops in the UK can occur without problems
2003 Source: PG Economics
EU Commission recommendation on guidelines for the development of national strategies and best practices to ensure the co-existence of genetically modified crops with conventional and organic farming
2003 - Source: European Commission
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Corn - Overseas
Coexistence of GM and non-GM crops: case study of maize grown in Spain
2003 Source: PG Economics
Case Studies in Benefits and Risks of Agricultural Biotechnology: Roundup Ready Soybeans and Bt Field Corn
2001 - Source: National Centre for Food and Agriculture Policy
Agricultural Biotechnology: Insect Control Benefits
1999 - Source: National Centre for Food and Agricultural Policy
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Cotton - Australia
Roundup Ready Flex Licence Application Information
2006 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator
GM Cotton in Australia: A Resource Guide
2003 - Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
Bollgard II Licence Application Information
2003 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator
Roundup Ready Cotton Licence Application Information
2003 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator
INGARD/Bt Cotton Licence Application Information
2003 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator
Second Australian Cotton Industry Environmental Audit
2003 - Source: Cotton Research and Development Corporation
Bollgard II - the new generation in GM cotton
2003 - Source: Australian Government Agency, CSIRO
The biology and ecology of cotton in Australia
2002 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator
The performance of INGARD/Bt cotton in the 2001-2002 season
2002 - Source: Cotton Research and Development Corporation
The performance of Roundup Ready cotton in the 2001-2002 Australian cotton season
2002 - Source: Cotton Research and Development Corporation
The Science Behind Transgenic Cotton
1992 - Source: Australian Government Agency, CSIRO
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Cotton - Overseas
Biotechnology Technical Seminars Papers
2001 - Source: International Cotton Advisory Committee
Agricultural Biotechnology: Insect Control Benefits
1999 - Source: National Centre for Food and Agricultural Policy
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Developing World
Biotechnology publications
2005 - Source: World Health Organisation
Agricultural Biotechnology: Potential for Use in Developing Countries
2003 - Source: Australian Government Agency, ABARE
Discussion Paper: The use of genetically modified crops in developing countries
2003 - Source: Nuffield Council on Bioethics, USA
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Environment
Ecological impacts of genetically modified crops: Experiences from ten years of experimental field research and commercial cultivation
2006 Source: Swiss Agroscope Reckenholz-Tδnikon Research Station (ART), commissioned by the Swiss Expert Committee for Biosafety (SECB)
GM crops: the global socio-economic and environmental impact the first nine years 1996-2004
2005 - Source: PG Economics
Biodiversity effects of the management associated with GM cropping systems in the UK
2005 Source: Scottish Crop Research Institute
Findings from the UK Farm Scale Evaluation of Genetically Modified Herbicide Tolerant crops an appraisal of their implications for Australia
2003 Source: CSIRO
GM Crop Farm-Scale Evaluation Trials
2003 - Source: UK Government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Conservation farming systems and canola
2003 - Source: Rob Norton, University of Melbourne, Australia
Second Australian Cotton Industry Environmental Audit
2003 - Source: Cotton Research and Development Corporation
Ecological Impact of GMOs
2003 - Source: CSIRO Entomology
Conservation Tillage and Plant Biotechnology: How New Technologies Can Improve the Environment By Reducing the Need to Plow
2002 - Source: Conservation Technology Information Centre, USA
Canola and Australian Farming Systems 2003-2007
2007 - Source: R Norton and R Roush, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Food Safety and Labelling
Modern food biotechnology, human health and development: An evidence-based study
2005 - Source: World Health Organisation
GM Foods: Safety Assessments of Genetically Modified Foods
2005 Source: Australian Government Agency, Food Standards Australia New Zealand
Labelling genetically modified (GM) foods
2003 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Food Standards Australia New Zealand
Frequently Asked Questions on GM Food
2002 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Food Standards Australia New Zealand
Regulating genetically modified food Information Paper 3
2005 - Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
Standard 1.5.2 Food Produced Using Gene Technology
2005 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Food Standards Australia New Zealand
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General
Quantification of the impacts on US agriculture of biotechnology-derived crops planted in 2005
2006 - Source: National Centre for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP)
Biotechnology-Derived Crops Planted in 2004 - Impacts on US agriculture
2005 - Source: National Centre for Food and Agricultural Policy
Crop Biotechnology and the Future of Food: A Scientific Assessment
2005 - Source: Centre for Agricultural Science and Technology
Segregating GM and non-GM grain in the Australian grain storage system
2005 - Source: Commonwealth Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
Gene Technology in Australia: Fact not Fiction
2007 - Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
Agricultural Biotechnology: Herbicide Tolerant Crops in Australia
2003 - Source: Federal Government Agency. Bureau of Rural Sciences
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Gene Technology Regulation in Australia
Gene technology regulation - Paper No 2
2005 - Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
Handbook on the Regulation of Gene Technology in Australia
2001 - Source: Federal Government Agency, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator
Gene Technology Regulation in Australia - Fact sheets and information bulletins
2001 - Source: Federal Government Agency, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator
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Global Statistics
Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2007
2007 - Source: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications
Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2006
2006 - Source: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications
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Horticulture
Generating Meaningful Opinions (GMOs) - A newsletter for the horticultural industries
2001 - 2006 - Source: Agrifood Awareness Australia Limited
October 2006
August 2006
June 2006
April 2006
Archive
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Liability and Insurance
Managing genetically modified crops in Australia GM crops, segregation and liability in Australian agriculture
2005 Source: Avcare (now CropLife Australia)
Liability Issues Associated with GM Crops in Australia
2003 - Source: Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
Legal Liability Issues in Agricultural Biotechnology (in the USA)
2002 - Source: National AgLaw Centre
Frequently asked questions on the Commission's proposal on Environmental Liability
2002 - Source: European Commission
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Market Research Public sentiment about GM food
2005 - Source: Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology
Community Attitudes to Biotechnology
2007 - Source: Biotechnology Australia - Federal Government Agency
Public Attitudes Towards Gene Technology in Australia
2005 - Source: Biotechnology Australia - Federal Government Agency
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Soybeans
Conservation Tillage and Plant Biotechnology: How New Technologies Can Improve the Environment By Reducing the Need to Plow
2002 - Source: Conservation Technology Information Centre, USA
Case Studies in Benefits and Risks of Agricultural Biotechnology: Roundup Ready Soybeans and Bt Field Corn
2001 - Source: National Centre for Food and Agriculture Policy
Comparing Roundup Ready and Conventional Soybean Yields 1999
2001 - Source: National Centre for Food and Agriculture Policy
Agricultural Biotechnology: Benefits of Transgenic Soybeans
2000 - Source: National Centre for Food and Agriculture Policy
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Trade/Market Access
Transgenic crops: welfare implications for Australia (in September 2005 issue of Australian Commodities)
2005 - Source: Australian Government Agency, ABARE
Global traceability and labelling requirements for agricultural biotechnology-derived products: impacts and implications for the USA
2005 - Source United States Department of Agriculture
Preparing for the future
2005 - Source United States Department of Agriculture
Market Access Issues for GM Products
2003 - Source: Australian Government Agency, ABARE
GM canola - What are its Economics under Australian conditions?
2003 - Source: Australian Government Agency, ABARE
Modelling Possible Impacts on GM Crops on Australian Trade
2002 - Source: Australian Government Agency, Productivity Commission
Genetically Modified Grains: Market implications for Australian growers
2001 - Source: Australian Government Agency, ABARE
GM crops in emerging economies impacts on Australian agriculture
2008 - Source: Australian Government Agency, ABARE
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Technology in the Pipeline
The Global Diffusion of Plant Biotechnology: International Adoption and Research in 2004
2004 - Source: C Ford Runge, University of Minnesota
Plant Biotechnology: Current and Potential Impact For Improving Pest Management In U.S. Agriculture: An Analysis of 40 Case Studies
2002 - Source: National Centre for Food and Agriculture Policy
Plant Biotechnology: Potential Impact for Improving Pest Management in European Agriculture: Preliminary Release of Three Case Studies
2003 - Source: National Centre for Food and Agriculture Policy
Harvest on the Horizon: Future Uses of Agricultural Biotechnology
2001 - Source: Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology
Whats in the Pipeline? Genetically modified crops under development in Australia
2005 Source: Australian Government Agency, Bureau of Rural Sciences.
Plant Biotechnology: Potential Impact for Improving Pest Management in European Agriculture: Preliminary Release of Three Case Studies
2003 - Source: National Centre for Food and Agriculture Policy
Plant Biotechnology: Current and Potential Impact For Improving Pest Management In U.S. Agriculture: An Analysis of 40 Case Studies
2002 - Source: National Centre for Food and Agriculture Policy
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